Chemistry of Art: Pigment Research
Please follow the instructions in the Chemistry of Art: Pigment Research document and type your responses into the sections below.
Objective
Answer the question: “How does art depend on chemistry?”
Time Periods
Prehistory
Pigment #1: Lead white
Pigment #1: Azurite
Pigment #3: Bone black
Pigment #4: cobalt green
Pigment #5: Madder
Look Closer: Scientific Techniques
Technique #1: Spectroscopy
Technique #2: Tomography
Technique #3: Dating
Conclusion
In a minimum half page of writing, using the information you just researched, respond to the question: “How does art depend on chemistry?”
Art depends on chemistry in ways that are easily visible to the eye using techniques to unfold the mystery hidden beneath. Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the identification of the substances in which matter is composed and the investigation of their properties and the ways in which they interact, combine, and change to then form new substances. In art, pigments are the basis of all paint. They are what define the color. These pigments are composed of chemical compounds. An example would be ultramarine which is complex sulfur-containing sodium aluminum silicate. Even though they started binding these pigments with spit or fat, they did not yet understand the fact that some pigments could be toxic. Some artists were affected by the toxicity of the paint. It wasn’t a surprise when the artists seemed to have gone a bit mad which made them able to portray their crazy ideas in their paintings. As we have advanced in chemistry, we have found ways to create pigments of various colors that do not share the same fatal outcome as they once did. Each painting doesn’t fail to show it’s own uniqueness. Any type of forgery could easily be identified with modern technology. From detecting replacements to some cover ups, science’s development has helped conserved the value of the paintings.
Please follow the instructions in the Chemistry of Art: Pigment Research document and type your responses into the sections below.
Objective
Answer the question: “How does art depend on chemistry?”
Time Periods
Prehistory
- What elements and natural materials were pigments created from during this time period?
- binded with dirt or charcoal mixed with spit or animal fat
- earth pigments!
- minerals limonite and hematite, red ochre, yellow ochre andumber), charcoal from the fire (carbon black), burnt bones (bone black) and white from grounded calcite (lime white)
- Were the elements and pigments toxic or safe to use?Please include any chemical formulas or reactions
- carbon black (Amorphous carbon)- non toxic
- bone black (calcium phosphate + calcium carbonate +carbon)- non toxic
- umber (Iron(III)-oxide, partly hydrated + manganese oxide + aluminium oxide)- non toxic
- red ochre(Anhydrous iron(III)-oxide) - non toxic
- yellow ochre(Iron oxyhydroxide) - non toxic
- lime white (calcium carbonate (chalk))- non toxic
- What elements and natural materials were pigments created from during this time period?Please include any chemical formulas or reactions
- binded with wax
- primarily black, red, yellow, brown, blue, and green pigments
- Were the elements and pigments toxic or safe to use?
- madder (Alizarin) non toxic
- indigo(Indigotin) non toxic
- red ochre
- yellow ochre
- umber
- orpiment (Arsenic sulfide) very toxic
- malachite (basic copper(II) carbonate) moderately toxic
- lead white (Basic lead(II)-carbonate) toxic
- red lead (Lead(II,IV)-oxide) very toxic
- What elements and natural materials were pigments created from during this time period?Were the elements and pigments toxic or safe to use? Please include any chemical formulas or reactions
- mixed with water, egg
- red ochre
- yellow ochre
- umber
- lime white
- malachite (basic copper(II) carbonate) moderately toxic
- verdigris (Basic Copper acetate) moderately toxic
- orpiment
- azurite (Basic copper(II)-carbonate) moderately toxic
- ultramarine (complex sulfur-containing sodium aluminum silicate) non toxic
- What elements and natural materials were pigments created from during this time period? Were the elements and pigments toxic or safe to use? Please include any chemical formulas or reactions
- egg replaced with walnut or linseed oil
- naples yellow (Lead(II)-antimonate) very toxic
- smalt (potassium glass containing cobalt) moderately toxic
- vermilion (mercuric sulfide) moderately toxic
- realgar (arsenic sulfide) moderately toxic
- azurite
- ultramarine
- indigo
- verdigris
- green earth (complex aluminosilicate minerals) non-toxic
- malachite
- orpiment
- lead-tin yellow (lead stannate (Type I)) very toxic
- lead white (Basic lead(II)-carbonate) toxic
- carbon black
- bone black
- What elements and natural materials were pigments created from during this time period? Were the elements and pigments toxic or safe to use? Please include any chemical formulas or reactions
- watercolor
- still used basic color palette
- addition:
- prussian blue (Iron(III)-hexacyanoferrate(II)) non toxic
- cobalt green (Cobalt(II)-oxide-zinc(II)-oxide) non toxic
- What elements and natural materials were pigments created from during this time period? Were the elements and pigments toxic or safe to use? Please include any chemical formulas or reactions
- collapsible tin paint tube :oil painting by offering a range of pre-mixed colors in a convenient, portable medium
- chrome orange (Basic lead(II)-chromate) moderately toxic
- chrome yellow (lead(II)-chromate) toxic
- cobalt blue (Cobalt(II) oxide-aluminum oxide) non toxic
- viridian (Chromium(III)-oxide dihydrate) moderately toxic
- cadmium yellow (cadmium sulfide) non toxic
- cerulean blue (Cobalt(II)-stannate) moderately toxic
- zinc white (Zinc(II)-oxide) non toxic
- cobalt violet (Cobalt(II)-phosphate or Cobalt(II)-arsenate) non toxic
- emerald green (Copper(II)-acetoarsenite) very toxic
- What elements and natural materials were pigments created from during this time period?
- acrylic paint!
- titanium white (Titanium dioxide) non toxic
Pigment #1: Lead white
- not noticeable at first glance
- prepared from metallic lead and vinegar
- fastest drying
- toxic
Pigment #1: Azurite
- composed of mineral basic carbonate of copper, found in many parts of the world in the upper oxidized portions of copper ore deposits.
- moderately toxic
- used by Egyptians
Pigment #3: Bone black
- smooth texture
- contains about 10% carbon, 84% calcium phosphate and 6 % calcium carbonate
- non toxic
- used prehistory-today
Pigment #4: cobalt green
- green cobalt-oxide-zinc-oxide
- semi-transparent
- "chemically good and artistically bad"
- non toxic
Pigment #5: Madder
- most stable natural pigment
- used in large quantities for dyeing textiles and is still the color for French military cloth
- non toxic
Look Closer: Scientific Techniques
Technique #1: Spectroscopy
- identify precisely materials artist used
- helps historians and scholars discover what materials there were in specific periods of times
- trading routes and interactions amongst cultures
- trace artistic development throughout time
- date of materials help identify date of painting
- prove forgery
- would the artists have those materials in their times?
- Raman spectroscopy
- help determine the chemical composition of a sample
Technique #2: Tomography
- process of generating a two-dimensional image of a slice or section through a three dimensional object
- way of unmasking mummies without disturbing the corpse
- virtually see inside of an object using radiations such as X-rays
- CT systems in hospitals used to study mummies
Technique #3: Dating
- thermoluminescence, dendrochronology, and carbon 14 are the three most important dating techniques
- thermoluminescence is used for pottery and is not very accurate
- dendrochronology is used for dating wood
- used for determining the age of a biological origin
Conclusion
In a minimum half page of writing, using the information you just researched, respond to the question: “How does art depend on chemistry?”
Art depends on chemistry in ways that are easily visible to the eye using techniques to unfold the mystery hidden beneath. Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the identification of the substances in which matter is composed and the investigation of their properties and the ways in which they interact, combine, and change to then form new substances. In art, pigments are the basis of all paint. They are what define the color. These pigments are composed of chemical compounds. An example would be ultramarine which is complex sulfur-containing sodium aluminum silicate. Even though they started binding these pigments with spit or fat, they did not yet understand the fact that some pigments could be toxic. Some artists were affected by the toxicity of the paint. It wasn’t a surprise when the artists seemed to have gone a bit mad which made them able to portray their crazy ideas in their paintings. As we have advanced in chemistry, we have found ways to create pigments of various colors that do not share the same fatal outcome as they once did. Each painting doesn’t fail to show it’s own uniqueness. Any type of forgery could easily be identified with modern technology. From detecting replacements to some cover ups, science’s development has helped conserved the value of the paintings.
suger preservation
sounds of science
Museo de Vida: Sounds of Science
Fact Document
Sources (please use MLA format)
Source for Music as an educational tool:
"Music as a Teaching Tool." Listening and Spoken Language Knowledge Center. N.p., n.d. Web.
06 Nov. 2014. <http://listeningandspokenlanguage.org/Music_as_a_Teaching_Tool/>.
Source for Music as a medical or therapeutic device:
Landau, Elizabeth. "When Patients Have 'music Emergencies'" CNN. Cable News Network, 01
Jan. 1970. Web. 04 Nov. 2014. <http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/23/health/music-therapy/>.
Source for Music as a mood and quality of life enhancer:
"Why Does Music Move Us So?" Phenomena Why Does Music Move Us So Comments. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2014.
<http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2012/12/18/why-does-music-move-us-so/>.
Source for Synesthesia:
Than, Ker. "Rare but Real: People Who Feel, Taste and Hear Color."LiveScience. TechMedia
Network, 22 Feb. 2005. Web. 04 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.livescience.com/169-rare-real-people-feel-taste-hear-color.html>.
Questions
How does music work as a tool to educate?
Why is music an effective educational tool?
What is happening in the brain when a person listens to music?
What chemicals are responsible for producing/regulating emotions?
How do those chemicals react to musical stimuli?
What is music therapy?
What types of medical conditions can music therapy be used for?
How can music enhance mood or quality of life?
What is synesthesia?
Fact Document
Sources (please use MLA format)
Source for Music as an educational tool:
"Music as a Teaching Tool." Listening and Spoken Language Knowledge Center. N.p., n.d. Web.
06 Nov. 2014. <http://listeningandspokenlanguage.org/Music_as_a_Teaching_Tool/>.
Source for Music as a medical or therapeutic device:
Landau, Elizabeth. "When Patients Have 'music Emergencies'" CNN. Cable News Network, 01
Jan. 1970. Web. 04 Nov. 2014. <http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/23/health/music-therapy/>.
Source for Music as a mood and quality of life enhancer:
"Why Does Music Move Us So?" Phenomena Why Does Music Move Us So Comments. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2014.
<http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2012/12/18/why-does-music-move-us-so/>.
Source for Synesthesia:
Than, Ker. "Rare but Real: People Who Feel, Taste and Hear Color."LiveScience. TechMedia
Network, 22 Feb. 2005. Web. 04 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.livescience.com/169-rare-real-people-feel-taste-hear-color.html>.
Questions
How does music work as a tool to educate?
- help gather information and present it as parts of a whole
- help lower thinkers be at the same rate as the middle thinkers
- help with oral communication
Why is music an effective educational tool?
- children who received music training scored higher on the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT) in reading, spelling, reading comprehension, mathematical reasoning, numerical operations and listening tasks
- music training gave a significant boost to spatial-temporal memory
- increase in memory
- expand vocabulary, promote sight words, identify rhymes and retell stories
What is happening in the brain when a person listens to music?
- the more you like the song the more activity occurs in the nucleus accumbens
- the experience of music is involved in the superior temporal gyrus
- brain regions involved in movement, attention, planning and memory consistently showed more activity when participants listened to music
- activity in the dopamine helps increase attention in the frontal lobes
- activity in the in the limbic system it is associated with pleasure
What chemicals are responsible for producing/regulating emotions?
- threats: general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system
- stress: estrogen and testosterone are hormones that affect the reaction to stress
- front part of the cortex is the thinking center of the brain
- it powers our ability to think, plan, solve problems, and make decisions.
- limbic system
How do those chemicals react to musical stimuli?
- Limbic system
- control and regulate our ability to feel pleasure
- remove stress = calmality
What is music therapy?
- use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals
- ‘music emergency’
- music has anti-anxiety properties
- motivator for negatives
What types of medical conditions can music therapy be used for?
- Alzheimer's
- help remember youth memories
- Autism
- language skills, and the identification and expression of emotions, which are characteristic challenges in autism
- elderly care
- reduce stress or anxiety
How can music enhance mood or quality of life?
- triggers pleasures
- feel connected
- relate
- ‘your time’ ‘your moment
- reduce stress and anxiety
- can pump you
What is synesthesia?
- people who feel, taste, and hear color
- two or more of the senses blending
- color has properties in their eyes
- involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway